Imagine your mind is like a big, colorful playground where your thoughts, feelings, and imagination play. Sometimes, the playground is super fun and everything works great. Other times, the swings might feel a bit wobbly, or the slide might seem too steep. When we talk about mental health, we’re talking about how your playground—your mind—is doing. It’s about how you feel, think, and act every day.

Now, there are two words we often hear: mental health conditions and mental illness. They might sound similar, but they’re not exactly the same. Let’s break them down in a way that’s easy to understand, like explaining the difference between a rainy day and a big storm.

What is a Mental Health Condition?

A mental health condition is like a rainy day in your playground. It means your mind is having a tough time for a little while, but it’s not always a big, long-lasting problem. It could be feeling super sad, worried, or stressed because of something like a fight with a friend, a big test, or a change like moving to a new house. These feelings might make it harder to play on your playground, but with some help—like talking to someone, resting, or doing fun activities—the rain usually clears up.

For example:

• If you feel nervous before a school play, that’s a mental health condition. It’s normal to feel that way sometimes.

• If you’re sad because your pet is sick, that’s also a mental health condition. It’s a tough moment, but it might not last forever.

Mental health conditions are often temporary and can happen to anyone. They’re like catching a cold—you might feel yucky for a bit, but you usually get better with care. Everyone has mental health, just like everyone has a body, and sometimes it needs a little extra attention.

What is a Mental Illness?

A mental illness is like a big storm that sticks around longer and makes the playground harder to use for a while. It’s when your thoughts, feelings, or behaviors get really mixed up and make everyday things—like going to school, playing with friends, or even sleeping—feel super tough. Mental illnesses are more serious than mental health conditions and often need special help, like talking to a doctor or therapist, or sometimes taking medicine.

For example:

• If someone feels so sad every day for weeks that they don’t want to play, eat, or talk, they might have a mental illness called depression.

• If someone is so worried all the time that they can’t stop thinking about scary things, they might have a mental illness called anxiety disorder.

Mental illnesses are like when the playground’s equipment gets broken and needs fixing. They’re not your fault, and they don’t mean you’re weak or bad. They’re just a health problem, like when your body gets a fever or a broken bone. With the right help, the playground can get fixed, and you can feel better.

Key Differences Made Simple

Let’s imagine your mind’s playground again to see how mental health conditions and mental illnesses are different:

• How Long They Last:

  • Mental Health Condition: Like a short rain shower. It might make you feel sad or worried for a day or two, but it usually goes away. For example, feeling nervous before a test.

  • Mental Illness: Like a storm that lasts weeks, months, or even longer. It doesn’t go away on its own and needs extra help, like depression that makes you sad every day.

• How Strong They Are:

  • Mental Health Condition: Feels like a small bump, like tripping on the playground. It might bother you, but you can still do most things, like play or do homework.

  • Mental Illness: Feels like a big block, like a slide that’s closed off. It can make it really hard to do everyday things, like getting out of bed or talking to friends.

• What Causes Them:

  • Mental Health Condition: Often happens because of something specific, like a bad day, a fight, or a big change. It’s a normal reaction to life’s ups and downs.

  • Mental Illness: Might not have one clear cause. It can happen because of things like how your brain works, your family history, or really tough experiences. It’s more complex.

• How You Fix Them:

  • Mental Health Condition: You might feel better by talking to a friend, playing, or resting. For example, taking deep breaths can help if you’re nervous.

  • Mental Illness: Needs more help, like seeing a therapist, doctor, or counselor. Sometimes medicine helps, too, just like you take medicine for a bad cough.

Examples to Make It Clear

Let’s use some stories to show the difference:

• Mental Health Condition: Nkechi feels super worried the night before her math test. Her stomach feels funny, and she can’t sleep well. The next day, she takes the test, feels better, and goes to play with her friends. Nkechi’s worry was a mental health condition—it was tough but went away quickly.

• Mental Illness: Sani feels sad every day for months. He doesn’t want to play soccer, which he usually loves, and he’s always tired. His mom takes him to a therapist, who helps him with depression, a mental illness. With help, Sani starts feeling better.

Both Nkechi and Sani are okay! They just needed different kinds of help for their playgrounds.

Why Does This Matter?

Understanding the difference helps us know when to ask for help. If your playground feels rainy, you might tell a parent or teacher, and they can help you feel better. If it feels like a big storm, it’s super important to tell an adult so they can get you to a doctor or therapist who knows how to fix the playground.

It’s also important because mental health conditions and mental illnesses are both okay to talk about. They don’t make you “weird” or “broken.” Just like you go to a doctor for a sore throat, you can get help for your mind, too. Everyone’s playground needs care sometimes!

Quotes from Experts

Experts help us understand these ideas better. Here’s what some say:

• Mental Health Conditions: “Mental health conditions can include temporary states of stress, anxiety, or sadness that arise in response to life events. They are part of the human experience and often resolve with support or time.”
  — National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), Mental Health Conditions (nami.org).

• Mental Illness: “Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking, or behavior (or a combination of these). Mental illnesses can be associated with distress and/or problems functioning in social, work, or family activities.”
  — American Psychiatric Association, What is Mental Illness? (psychiatry.org).

• The Difference: “While mental health conditions may be situational and transient, mental illnesses are diagnosable disorders that often require professional intervention to manage symptoms effectively.”
  — World Health Organization, Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response (who.int, 2022).

These quotes show that mental health conditions are like short-term challenges, while mental illnesses are more serious and need extra care.

A Kid-Friendly Analogy to Sum It Up

Think of your mind as a toy car:

• A mental health condition is like when the car’s wheel gets a little stuck in mud. You can push it out with some help, like talking to a friend or taking a nap, and it’ll roll again soon.

• A mental illness is like when the car’s engine needs a mechanic to fix it. It might take longer, and you might need a special helper (like a therapist) to get it running smoothly again.

Both cars are awesome—they just need different kinds of care to keep going!

Why It’s Okay to Get Help

Whether it’s a mental health condition or a mental illness, asking for help is brave. It’s like telling someone your toy car needs a tune-up. With the right information and training, parents, teachers, counselors, and doctors are like playground fixers—they know how to help your mind feel strong and happy again. And just like you don’t feel bad about going to the doctor for a scraped knee, you don’t need to feel shy about getting help for your feelings.

Bibliography

• American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). What is Mental Illness? Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-mental-illness

• National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). (n.d.). Mental Health Conditions. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions

• World Health Organization. (2022). Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response

On May 28, 2025, Menstrual Hygiene Day, the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation (CALMHAF) partnered with the Rangers International Football Club Foundation to launch a transformative student-to-student initiative at Trans Ekulu Girls Secondary School in Enugu, Nigeria. This community outreach program was designed to tackle critical issues surrounding menstrual hygiene, its impact on mental health, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), self-awareness, and personal empowerment. By fostering open dialogue and equipping young women with knowledge and tools, the initiative aimed to create lasting change in the lives of participants and their communities.

A Focused and Measurable Approach at Trans Ekulu

The first phase of this outreach deliberately targeted a select group of 20 girls from Trans Ekulu Girls Secondary School, ensuring a manageable and impactful start. By keeping the cohort small, CALMHAF and RIFC Foundation could closely monitor progress, foster meaningful engagement, and tailor the intervention to the specific needs of the participants. The program was structured to empower these girls not only as beneficiaries but also as peer educators, capable of sharing their knowledge with others in their school and beyond. This student-to-student model is a cornerstone of CALMHAF’s strategy to ensure the sustainability and scalability of their interventions.

The initiative covered a range of interconnected topics:

• Menstrual Hygiene Education: Participants learned about proper menstrual hygiene practices, dispelling myths and addressing stigma. The program highlighted affordable and sustainable menstrual products, emphasizing their role in promoting dignity and confidence.

• Mental Health Awareness: Facilitators explored how poor menstrual hygiene, lack of access to sanitary products, and societal taboos can contribute to stress, anxiety, and low self-esteem. The girls were taught coping mechanisms and strategies to prioritize their mental well-being.

• SGBV Solutions: The outreach included discussions on recognizing and preventing sexual and gender-based violence, empowering the girls to advocate for themselves and others. Practical tools, such as how to seek help and report incidents, were shared.

• Self-Awareness and Empowerment: Through interactive workshops, participants were encouraged to build self-confidence, set personal goals, and embrace their potential as leaders in their communities.

A Collaborative Effort with Lasting Impact

Trans Ekulu Girls Secondary School was transformed into a safe and welcoming space for learning and dialogue. Trained facilitators from CALMHAF led the sessions, employing a mix of presentations, group discussions, and hands-on activities to ensure the content was engaging and accessible. The girls were encouraged to ask questions, share their experiences, and connect with one another, fostering a sense of sisterhood and mutual support.

Celebrating Achievement with CALMHAF Mental Health Academy

At the close of the outreach, each of the 20 participants received a certificate of participation from COLI Mental Health Academy, the educational arm of Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation. These certificates were more than just tokens of attendance—they represented the girls’ commitment to personal growth and their new roles as ambassadors of change. The academy, accredited by the International Association of Therapists UK, is recognized for its high-quality training programs in mental health and wellness. This accreditation underscores CALMHAF’s / COLI Academy’s credibility and dedication to delivering impactful, evidence-based interventions.

The certificate ceremony was a moment of pride and celebration at Trans Ekulu Girls Secondary School, attended by representatives from both CALMHAF and Rangers International, as well as school officials. The girls beamed with pride as they received their certificates, many expressing their eagerness to share what they had learned with their peers and families.

Looking Ahead: Building a Movement from Trans Ekulu

This Menstrual Hygiene Day initiative at Trans Ekulu Girls Secondary School marks the beginning of a broader vision for Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation. By equipping these 20 girls with knowledge and leadership skills, CALMHAF has planted the seeds for a ripple effect that will extend far beyond the school’s walls. The student-to-student model ensures that the lessons learned will continue to spread, creating a network of informed and empowered young women who can challenge stigma, advocate for better resources, and support one another.

Future phases of the program will aim to reach more girls and expand into additional communities, building on the success of this pilot at Trans Ekulu. CALMHAF also plans to engage boys and young men in similar initiatives, recognizing their role in dismantling gender-based stigma and fostering a more inclusive society. Partnerships with organizations like Rangers International will remain central to these efforts, combining resources and expertise to maximize impact.

A Call to Action

The success of this initiative at Trans Ekulu Girls Secondary School highlights the power of community-driven solutions to address pressing social issues. Menstrual hygiene, mental health, and gender-based violence are interconnected challenges that require bold, collaborative action. Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation invites individuals, organizations, and policymakers to join their mission by supporting programs that empower young women and promote holistic well-being.

To learn more about CALMHAF’s work or to get involved, visit their website at www.copeandlive.foundation or contact their team directly on +234814 831 8965. Together, we can create a world where every girl has the knowledge, resources, and confidence to thrive.

About Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation

Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation (CALMHAF) is a Nigerian-based nonprofit dedicated to promoting mental health, gender equality, and community empowerment. Through its accredited COLI Mental Health Academy, the foundation provides training and outreach programs that address critical issues such as menstrual hygiene, SGBV, and self-awareness. CALMHAF is committed to creating sustainable change by empowering individuals and communities to take charge of their well-being.

June is Men’s mental health awareness month. Global suicide rates show a significant gender disparity, with men dying by suicide at higher rates than women. Based on the most recent available data from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2021, approximately 727,000 people died by suicide globally, equating to about 1,990 suicides per day.

Breakdown by Gender:

• Men: The global age-standardized suicide rate for men in 2021 was 12.3 per 100,000 population. With a global male population of approximately 3.97 billion (half of the estimated 7.94 billion world population in 2021), this translates to roughly 488,310 male suicides annually, or approximately 1,337 men per day.

• Women: The suicide rate for women was 5.9 per 100,000 population. With a global female population of approximately 3.97 billion, this translates to roughly 234,230 female suicides annually, or approximately 641 women per day.

Thus, globally, about 1,337 men die by suicide daily compared to 641 women, meaning men account for roughly 67% of daily suicide deaths. The male-to-female suicide ratio is approximately 2.1:1, though this varies by region, ranging from 1.4 in Southeast Asia to nearly 4.0 in the Americas.

Notes on Data:

• These figures are estimates based on age-standardized rates and global population data, as precise daily counts are not directly reported. Calculations assume an even distribution of suicides across the year (365 days).

• Suicide data is often underreported due to stigma, legal issues, or misclassification (e.g., as accidents or undetermined causes), particularly in low- and middle-income countries where 73% of suicides occur.

• The WHO’s Global Health Estimates (2021) provide the most comprehensive global data, but gaps in vital registration systems in some countries may affect accuracy.

The significantly higher suicide rates among men compared to women—approximately 1,337 men versus 641 women daily, based on 2021 WHO data—underscore an urgent need for targeted mental health interventions. In Nigeria, where the suicide rate is notably high at 17.3 per 100,000 (above the global average of 10.5), cultural stigma, limited mental health infrastructure, and gender-specific barriers exacerbate the crisis, particularly for men.

1. Promoting Gender-Sensitive Mental Health Programs

Men are less likely to seek mental health support due to cultural expectations of stoicism and stigma around vulnerability, particularly in Nigeria, where traditional masculinity norms discourage emotional expression. Gender-sensitive programs can address this by reframing help-seeking as a strength and tailoring interventions to male experiences.

Solutions:

• Men’s Support Groups: Establish community-based programs like Men’s Sheds, which provide safe spaces for men to connect through shared activities (e.g., woodworking, sports) while discussing mental health. In Nigeria, similar initiatives can be integrated into community centers or religious institutions, leveraging the influence of pastors or imams to normalize mental health conversations.

• Male-Targeted Counseling: Train counselors to address male-specific issues, such as unemployment or societal pressure to be a provider, which are linked to higher suicide risk. In Nigeria, mobile counseling units can reach rural areas, offering anonymity to reduce stigma.

• Public Campaigns: Launch media campaigns featuring male role models (e.g., Nigerian athletes or musicians) discussing mental health struggles. Campaigns like Australia’s RU OK? Day show success in encouraging men to talk by framing emotional openness as masculine.

Impact: A 2019 study found that peer support from trusted friends significantly reduces male suicide risk by fostering connection and reducing isolation. In Nigeria, where communal values are strong, peer-led initiatives could be particularly effective.

Cultural Considerations in Nigeria: Programs must address spiritual beliefs that attribute mental health issues to supernatural causes. Collaborating with traditional healers to refer men to professional care can bridge cultural gaps.

2. Enhancing Access to Mental Health Services

Globally, men are less likely to access mental health services—only 19.7% of men versus 35% of women seek professional help in the year before suicide. In Nigeria, with fewer than 0.1 psychiatrists per 100,000 people, access is a critical barrier. Expanding and destigmatizing services can reduce suicide rates.

Solutions:

• Telehealth Platforms: Scale up online counseling services like those offered by Nigeria’s Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation (CALMHAF), which provide both In-person and virtual counselling. These are ideal for men reluctant to visit clinics due to stigma.

• Subsidized Care: Governments and NGOs can fund low-cost mental health services in primary care settings. The Lagos State Mental Health Desk, launched in 2021, integrates mental health into general healthcare, a model that can be expanded nationwide.

• Workplace Interventions: In Nigeria, where economic pressures contribute to male suicide, workplaces can offer employee assistance programs (EAPs) with confidential counseling. Global examples, like Bechtel’s partnership with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, show success in reducing suicides among male-dominated industries like construction.

Impact: WHO’s LIVE LIFE initiative highlights that accessible, evidence-based interventions can reduce suicides by up to 30% in high-risk groups. In Nigeria, telehealth has increased help-seeking by 20% among urban youth, a promising trend for men.

Cultural Considerations in Nigeria: Services offered in local languages (e.g., Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba) and promoted through trusted community channels, such as market associations or youth groups, help overcome mistrust.

3. Reducing Access to Lethal Means

Men’s higher suicide rates are partly due to their use of more lethal methods, such as firearms (55.36% of U.S. suicides in 2023) or pesticide poisoning (20% of global suicides, prevalent in Nigeria). Restricting access to these means can save lives.

Solutions:

• Pesticide Regulation: In Nigeria, phasing out highly hazardous pesticides, as recommended by WHO’s LIVE LIFE program, can reduce impulsive suicides. Community education on safe storage is also critical.

• Firearm Restrictions: In countries with high gun ownership, like the U.S., safe storage campaigns and temporary removal of firearms from at-risk individuals can lower rates. Nigeria, with lower firearm prevalence, can focus on regulating access during crises.

• Gatekeeper Training: Train community members (e.g., barbers, religious leaders) to identify suicide risk and intervene by removing access to means. Massachusetts and Maine have successfully implemented such training for middle-aged men.

Impact: Studies show that restricting access to lethal means reduces suicide rates by 10-20% in targeted populations. In Nigeria, pesticide bans in Sri Lanka-like models have cut rural suicide rates by 50%.

Cultural Considerations in Nigeria: Rural farmers, who rely on pesticides, need alternative pest control methods to ensure compliance. Community buy-in is essential to avoid resistance.

4. Addressing Socioeconomic and Situational Stressors

Economic downturns, unemployment, and relationship issues are major suicide risk factors for men, with a 1% increase in unemployment linked to a 0.79% rise in suicide rates 18-24 months later. In Nigeria, poverty and academic pressure amplify these risks for young men.

Solutions:

• Financial Support Programs: Temporary financial assistance, like Nigeria’s Conditional Cash Transfer program, can alleviate economic stress. Expanding these to target unemployed men can reduce despair.

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help men manage stressors like job loss or academic failure. In Nigeria, Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation offers this service.

• Social Connection Initiatives: Community greening projects or peer-to-peer groups, like those in Louisiana for veterans, can combat isolation, a key risk factor for men. In Nigeria, youth clubs or sports programs can serve similar purposes.

Impact: A 2021 CDC analysis found that addressing situational stressors through support reduces male suicides by 25%, even without a diagnosed mental health condition.

Cultural Considerations in Nigeria: Interventions should involve family units, as men often face pressure to provide for extended families. Programs must also address academic stress by promoting realistic expectations.

5. Fostering Emotional Resilience and Help-Seeking in Youth

Young men, particularly those aged 15-29, are at high risk globally, with suicide being the third leading cause of death in this group. In Nigeria, academic stress, bullying, and social anxiety contribute significantly. Early intervention can build resilience and prevent escalation.

Solutions:

• School-Based Programs: Implement social-emotional learning (SEL) curricula, like those in Colorado and Tennessee, to teach coping skills and emotional regulation. In Nigeria, the NERDC can integrate SEL into secondary school curricula.

• Anti-Bullying Campaigns: Enforce anti-bullying policies and train students as “upstanders” to intervene, as piloted in Kaduna, which reduced bullying by 25%. These align with your book’s bullying strategies.

• Youth Helplines: Promote confidential helplines like Nigeria’s 112 or Cope and Live Mental health Foundation’s online chat for youth facing social anxiety or academic pressure. Global models like the 988 Lifeline show increased help-seeking among young men.

Impact: JED’s Campus program reduced suicidal ideation by 10% among college students through SEL and help-seeking promotion, a model adaptable to Nigerian universities.

Cultural Considerations in Nigeria: Youth programs must counter cultural norms that equate emotional expression with weakness. Using local role models and proverbs (e.g., “A man who asks for help builds a strong house”) can resonate with young men.

6. Leveraging Technology for Suicide Prevention

Innovative technologies can reach men who avoid traditional services, particularly in Nigeria, where mobile phone penetration is high (over 80% in urban areas).

Solutions:

• Stress-Detection Wearables: Develop wristbands that monitor stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) and connect to apps offering coping strategies. These can alert users to seek help during crises.

• AI Chatbots: Expand AI-driven mental health apps to provide 24/7 support and guide men to resources. These can be programmed in local languages for accessibility.

• Social Media Campaigns: Use platforms like Instagram and Twitter to share mental health resources, targeting young men with messages from influencers. Campaigns like #StopSuicide have increased awareness globally.

Impact: A 2023 study found that digital interventions increased help-seeking by 30% among young men in low-resource settings, making them a scalable solution for Nigeria.

Cultural Considerations in Nigeria: Apps must be low-data and offline-capable to reach rural men. Partnerships with telecom providers can subsidize access.

Conclusion: A Call to Action

Reducing male suicide rates requires a comprehensive, culturally sensitive approach that addresses stigma, access barriers, and socioeconomic stressors. In Nigeria, integrating mental health into community structures, leveraging technology, and empowering youth through education can create a ripple effect. Globally, men’s higher suicide rates demand urgent action—through gender-sensitive programs, restricted access to lethal means, and early intervention. By fostering resilience and help-seeking, these solutions can save lives and build a future where men feel supported to thrive.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

May 30, 2025 – Yesterday, Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, Enugu, Nigeria, sealed a transformative partnership with Mental Health Universe, Kampala, Uganda, to expand community-based mental health initiatives across both countries. This collaboration will significantly extend both organizations’ reach, fostering greater awareness, reducing stigma, and enhancing access to mental health support for individuals affected by mental illness and mental health conditions.

The partnership leverages the strengths of both organizations to deliver impactful benefits, including:

• Expanded Community Outreaches: Joint efforts will increase the frequency and scope of mental health awareness campaigns, reaching underserved rural and urban communities in Nigeria and Uganda with education and resources.  

• Enhanced Resource Sharing: By pooling expertise, training materials, and peer support networks, the partnership will improve the quality and accessibility of mental health services, ensuring more individuals receive timely support.  

• Strengthened Advocacy: Unified advocacy efforts will amplify calls for increased mental health funding and policy reforms, addressing Nigeria’s and Uganda’s critical resource gap, where less than 5% of the national health budget is allocated to mental health.  

• Reduced Stigma: Collaborative workshops and media campaigns will promote understanding and acceptance, empowering individuals to seek help without fear of discrimination, a persistent challenge in Nigerian and Ugandan societies.  

• Capacity Building: The partnership will facilitate training for community health workers and peer educators, equipping them to address mental health challenges effectively and sustainably.

“This partnership marks a pivotal step toward democratizing mental health support in Uganda,” said Reverend Chukwudiebube Nwachukwu, Founder and Executive Director of Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation. “By joining forces with Mental Health Universe, we are not only expanding our reach but also building a stronger, more inclusive framework for recovery and resilience.”

Mr Rukundo Benjamin, Founder of Mental Health Universe, added, “Together, we can break the silence surrounding mental health and provide hope to those struggling. This collaboration will create lasting change by empowering communities with the tools and knowledge to prioritize mental well-being.”

The partnership aligns with the global theme of Mental Health Awareness Month, “Recovery Is Real,” highlighting that with proper support, individuals with mental illnesses and mental health conditions can achieve meaningful recovery. Both organizations are committed to driving measurable impact, building on evidence that community-based interventions, like those supported by similar initiatives, have reached millions and improved mental health outcomes.

For more information about the partnership or to get involved, send an email to:

info@copeandlive.foundation or mentalhealthuniverseofficial@outlook.com 

About Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation

Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation (www.copeandlive.foundation) is a leading mental health NGO in Nigeria dedicated to promoting mental health education, advocacy, and support, empowering individuals to navigate mental health challenges with resilience and hope especially through their Mental health Academy - COLI academy (www.coliacademy.org)

About Mental Health Universe, Kampala, Uganda

Mental Health Universe is a leading Ugandan organization focused on raising mental health awareness, providing peer support, and advocating for accessible mental health services to foster community well-being.

#MentalHealthAwarenessMonth #RecoveryIsReal #MentalHealth #MentalIllness #UgandaMentalHealth

Emotional reasoning and jumping to conclusions are not only cognitive biases but also significant mental health concerns because they can exacerbate psychological distress, contribute to mental health disorders, and impair overall well-being. In the Nigerian context, where mental health resources are limited and stigma is prevalent, these biases can amplify emotional and social challenges, making them critical issues to address.

Defining Cognitive Bias

A cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking that distorts how individuals perceive and interpret information, leading to irrational judgments or decisions. These biases arise from mental shortcuts (heuristics) that prioritize efficiency over accuracy, often influenced by emotions, culture, or context [1]. In Nigeria, where social pressures, economic stress, and cultural norms shape decision-making, cognitive biases can have profound effects, particularly on mental health.

Emotional Reasoning

Definition: Emotional reasoning is the cognitive bias where individuals assume their emotions reflect objective reality. For example, feeling worthless leads someone to conclude, “I am worthless,” despite evidence of their value [2]. This bias equates subjective feelings with factual truth, bypassing logical evaluation.

Why It’s a Mental Health Concern: Emotional reasoning is a mental health concern because it can intensify negative emotions, perpetuate cycles of distress, and contribute to disorders like depression, anxiety, or low self-esteem. By treating emotions as evidence, individuals reinforce negative thought patterns, which cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) identifies as a hallmark of mood disorders [3]. In Nigeria, where mental health stigma discourages help-seeking (only 20% of those with mental health issues seek professional care [14]), emotional reasoning can trap individuals in self-reinforcing despair. For instance, cultural expectations of emotional resilience may lead someone to internalize feelings of shame as truth, worsening their mental state. This bias also heightens emotional reactivity, making it harder to cope with stressors like financial strain or family obligations, common in Nigeria’s high-pressure environment.

Why It’s Wrong: Emotional reasoning is flawed because emotions are transient and influenced by external factors (e.g., stress, fatigue, or cultural norms) rather than objective reality. In Nigeria’s collectivist society, where emotional expressiveness is valued, this bias can lead to misinterpretations during social interactions, escalating conflicts or self-doubt. It distorts decision-making by prioritizing feelings over evidence, leading to impulsive or irrational choices that can worsen mental health outcomes [3].

Effects in the Nigerian Context:

• Relationships: Emotional reasoning strains Nigeria’s tight-knit family and community ties. For example, in a Lagos family meeting, a woman feels disrespected by her sister’s comment and concludes, “She hates me.” This assumption, rooted in emotion rather than evidence, sparks a feud, causing emotional distress and isolation, which can contribute to anxiety or depression in a culture where family support is a key mental health buffer.

• Productivity: In workplaces, emotional reasoning undermines performance and mental resilience. A banker in Abuja feels overwhelmed by a deadline and thinks, “I’m a failure,” leading to procrastination and heightened stress. This negative self-perception can spiral into burnout or imposter syndrome, prevalent in Nigeria’s competitive job market, where job loss fears amplify mental health risks.

• Life as a Whole: Emotional reasoning exacerbates Nigeria’s mental health crisis, where only 0.1 psychiatrists serve 100,000 people [14]. Someone feeling hopeless might conclude, “Life is pointless,” and avoid seeking help due to stigma, perpetuating depressive symptoms. In urban centers like Port Harcourt, economic pressures and traffic stress amplify negative emotions, making this bias a barrier to well-being.

Jumping to Conclusions

Definition: Jumping to conclusions is the bias of making hasty judgments without sufficient evidence, including mind reading (assuming others’ thoughts) and fortune telling (predicting negative outcomes) [4]. For example, assuming a colleague’s silence means disapproval is mind reading, while predicting a project’s failure is fortune telling.

Why It’s a Mental Health Concern: This bias is a mental health concern because it fosters paranoia, mistrust, and anticipatory anxiety, which are risk factors for anxiety disorders, social phobia, and interpersonal conflicts [5]. By assuming negative intentions or outcomes, individuals create self-fulfilling prophecies that heighten stress and erode self-confidence. In Nigeria, where social interactions are nuanced and mistrust can stem from ethnic or economic divides, jumping to conclusions amplifies interpersonal tension, leading to social withdrawal or chronic stress. The fast-paced, high-stakes environment of cities like Lagos or Kano exacerbates this bias, as rushed judgments under pressure increase anxiety and reduce coping capacity. This can also perpetuate mental health stigma, as individuals may misinterpret others’ behaviors as “madness” without evidence, further isolating those with mental health challenges.

Why It’s Wrong: Jumping to conclusions is problematic because it relies on unverified assumptions, ignoring alternative explanations and undermining trust [5]. In Nigeria’s context, where patience and dialogue are valued in communal settings, this bias clashes with cultural norms, leading to miscommunications that strain mental health. It also fuels irrational decisions, such as avoiding opportunities due to unfounded fears, which can worsen economic and emotional stress in a resource-scarce society.

Effects in the Nigerian Context:

• Relationships: In romantic or social relationships, jumping to conclusions creates conflict and emotional distress. A woman in Ibadan assumes her partner’s late reply means, “He’s cheating,” without asking about his workload. This accusation damages trust, causing relational stress and potential anxiety, especially in Nigeria’s patriarchal norms where women face heightened scrutiny.

• Productivity: In Nigeria’s entrepreneurial landscape, this bias stifles innovation and mental resilience. A tech founder in Enugu assumes an investor’s delay means rejection and abandons the pitch, missing funding. This premature judgment heightens stress and self-doubt, contributing to burnout in a high-pressure startup ecosystem.

• Life as a Whole: Jumping to conclusions fuels mistrust in Nigeria’s diverse society, worsening mental health outcomes. During interethnic interactions, someone might misinterpret a colleague’s curtness as tribal bias (e.g., “She’s rude because I’m Yoruba”), increasing social anxiety and division. This undermines social cohesion, critical for mental well-being in a country with over 250 ethnic groups.

Practical Examples of Impact on Mental Health

• Emotional Reasoning in a Family Context:

  • Scenario: A mother feels anxious about her son’s unemployment and concludes, “He’s a failure.” She discourages his tech course, believing it’s futile. Her emotional reasoning reinforces her anxiety and projects it onto her son, who internalizes her judgment, developing low self-esteem and depressive symptoms.

  • Mental Health Impact: The son’s confidence erodes, increasing his risk of depression in a society where mental health support is scarce. The mother’s chronic worry may also escalate into generalized anxiety, straining family dynamics and perpetuating a cycle of emotional distress.

• Jumping to Conclusions in a Workplace:

  • Scenario: A nurse assumes her supervisor’s lack of feedback means, “She thinks I’m incompetent.” She becomes defensive, avoiding teamwork, and her performance suffers. In reality, the supervisor is overwhelmed by hospital demands.

  • Mental Health Impact: The nurse’s paranoia fuels workplace anxiety, potentially leading to social phobia or burnout, common in Nigeria’s understaffed healthcare sector. Her strained relationship with her supervisor reduces social support, a key protective factor against mental health decline.

These examples highlight how these biases not only disrupt relationships and productivity but also directly contribute to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and low self-worth, particularly in Nigeria’s high-stress, low-resource context.

Solutions to Avoid These Biases and Support Mental Health

To mitigate emotional reasoning and jumping to conclusions, Nigerians can adopt culturally relevant, memorable strategies that counteract these biases while promoting mental well-being. These “tacky” solutions are designed to be practical, engaging, and aligned with Nigerian contexts, using humor and local analogies to ensure adoption. Each solution now emphasizes its mental health benefits.

Solutions for Emotional Reasoning

• “Check Your Mood’s ID”:

  • What It Means: Like verifying ID at an Airport or Bank, pause to check if your emotion reflects reality. Ask, “Is this feeling the truth, or just a noisy guest?”

  • How to Do It: Write down the emotion (e.g., “I feel useless”) and list evidence for and against it (e.g., “I missed a deadline” vs. “I’ve met 10 others”). This CBT technique challenges distorted thoughts [7].

  • Mental Health Benefit: Reduces negative thought spirals, lowering anxiety and depression risk by grounding decisions in evidence, not fleeting emotions.

  • Example: A teacher may feel angry at a student’s silence, thinking, “He disrespects me.” Checking her mood’s ID, she lists evidence: the student is shy and grieving. She offers support, reducing her stress and fostering a positive connection, which boosts her emotional resilience.

• “Jollof vs. Egusi Test”:

  • What It Means: Emotions are like preferring jollof rice over egusi soup—valid but not factual. Don’t let feelings dictate truth.

  • How to Do It: Label the emotion as “my jollof talking” and seek objective input (e.g., ask a friend or check facts). This aligns with mindfulness practices [8].

  • Mental Health Benefit: Enhances emotional regulation, preventing mood disorders by separating feelings from reality, crucial in Nigeria’s high-stress settings.

  • Example: A trader feels anxious about slow sales, thinking, “My business is ruined.” Applying the jollof test, she checks records, sees a seasonal dip, and adjusts her strategy, reducing anxiety and improving her mental clarity.

• “Take a Suya Break”:

  • What It Means: Like stepping out for suya(beef kebab), take a 5-minute break to calm emotions before acting. Physical actions reduce emotional intensity [9].

  • How to Do It: Walk, drink water, or listen to your favorite track, then reassess your conclusion.

  • Mental Health Benefit: Lowers emotional reactivity, reducing stress and preventing impulsive decisions that could worsen mental health.

  • Example: During a family dispute, a man feels betrayed and wants to cut ties. He takes a suya break, calms down, and realizes his brother’s comment was a misunderstanding, preserving family support and reducing his emotional distress.

Solutions for Jumping to Conclusions

• “Ask Like a Market Woman”:

  • What It Means: Nigerian market women ask questions to get the best deal. Before assuming, ask clarifying questions like you’re pricing fish or plantain.

  • How to Do It: Use open-ended questions (e.g., “Why did you seem upset?”) to gather facts, reflecting active listening [10].

  • Mental Health Benefit: Reduces paranoia and social anxiety by clarifying intentions, fostering trust and social connection, vital for mental health in Nigeria’s communal culture.

  • Example: A student assumes her lecturer ignored her email because he dislikes her. She asks, “Did you receive my email?” and learns his inbox was full, easing her anxiety and improving communication.

• “Play a Detective”:

  • What It Means: Like a detective, gather evidence before concluding. Treat assumptions as hypotheses to test.

  • How to Do It: List three alternative explanations for a situation (e.g., “They’re busy, distracted, or unaware”). Choose the most evidence-based [11].

  • Mental Health Benefit: Decreases anticipatory anxiety and self-doubt by promoting rational thinking, enhancing mental clarity and confidence.

  • Example: A driver in Abuja thinks his boss is planning to fire him after a brief meeting. Acting like a detective, he considers: the boss was rushed, distracted, or unaware of his work. He seeks feedback, learns he’s valued, and reduces workplace stress.

• “Wait for the Full Nollywood Plot”:

  • What It Means: Nollywood films reveal twists at the end. Don’t judge until you see the full story, avoiding hasty conclusions.

  • How to Do It: Delay judgment for 24 hours or until more information emerges, a debiasing strategy [12].

  • Mental Health Benefit: Prevents stress from premature negative predictions, fostering emotional stability and resilience, especially under Nigeria’s economic pressures.

  • Example: A woman assumes her friend snubbed her at a wedding. Waiting for the full plot, she learns her friend was handling a family crisis, preserving their friendship and reducing social anxiety.

Why These Solutions Work for Mental Health

These solutions are effective because they:

• Target Cognitive Distortions: Evidence-based techniques like listing alternatives or checking emotions align with CBT, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression [7].

• Are Culturally Accessible: Nigerian analogies make them relatable, encouraging adoption in a society where mental health literacy is low.

• Enhance Emotional Regulation: Pausing or questioning assumptions lowers emotional arousal, preventing stress escalation [9].

• Build Social Support: Clarifying intentions (e.g., “Ask Like a Market Woman”) strengthens relationships, a key mental health protective factor in Nigeria’s collectivist culture [13].

Broader Mental Health Implications in Nigeria

In Nigeria, emotional reasoning and jumping to conclusions are critical mental health concerns due to the country’s unique challenges:

• Stigma and Resource Scarcity: With only 0.1 psychiatrists per 100,000 people and widespread stigma (70% of Nigerians view mental illness as shameful [14]), these biases exacerbate untreated distress, as individuals internalize negative emotions or misinterpret others’ behaviors as rejection.

• Economic and Social Stress: High unemployment (33% in 2023 [6]), traffic congestion, and communal expectations amplify emotional reactivity and hasty judgments, increasing risks of anxiety, depression, and social conflict.

• Cultural Dynamics: Collectivist norms prioritize group harmony, but these biases disrupt it by fostering misunderstandings, leading to isolation and reduced social support, a major mental health risk factor.

By addressing these biases with practical solutions, Nigerians can reduce psychological distress, improve coping skills, and foster resilience, contributing to better mental health outcomes in a resource-constrained society.

Conclusion

Emotional reasoning and jumping to conclusions are cognitive biases that distort reality and pose significant mental health concerns by intensifying negative emotions, fostering mistrust, and contributing to disorders like anxiety and depression. In Nigeria, these biases exacerbate distress in a high-stress, low-resource context, straining relationships, reducing productivity, and undermining well-being. Culturally tailored solutions like “Take a Suya Break” or “Ask Like a Market Woman” empower Nigerians to challenge these biases, improve emotional regulation, and enhance mental health. By integrating these strategies into daily life and community programs, the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation creates awareness, educates, promotes resilience and reduce stigma, fostering a healthier society.

Rangers International Football Club Foundation (RIFC Foundation), in collaboration with Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, Coli Mental Health Academy, and Campus Technology Life Initiative (CTLI), has launched a strategic partnership to address the rising incidents of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV), dating violence, sextortion, and other forms of sexual exploitation, particularly affecting young girls. The initiative aims to deliver solution-oriented interventions through evidence-based and data-driven psychosocial programs.

Coach Ebere Amaraizu, Chairman of RIFC Foundation and a trained Psychotherapist and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Coach, emphasized the significance of this collaboration. “We are proud to partner with Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, Coli Mental Health Academy, and CTLI to tackle these critical issues through structured psychosocial engagements and activities designed to empower and protect the girl child,” he stated.

Reverend Chukwudiebube Nwachukwu, Executive Director of Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation who holds a Level 3 Mental Health Diploma, is a trained Grief and Bereavement Counsellor, Depression Counsellor, Emotional Intelligence Life Coach, and Couple Counsellor and additionally is a SAMHI Dual Diagnosis Practitioner and an International Olympic Committee Sports Administrator expressed enthusiasm for the partnership, highlighting its focus on delivering impactful solutions. The initiative includes comprehensive psychosocial sessions targeting self-awareness, emotional regulation, and stress management. These sessions are designed to foster mental health, enhance resilience, reduce stress and anxiety, and promote holistic well-being, equipping participants with tools to navigate personal and social challenges effectively.

To ensure sustainability, the program incorporates the Cope and Live Student-to-Student Initiative (S2Si), where trained girl students will deliver interventions to their peers, with quarterly evaluations to monitor progress. Reverend Nwachukwu noted, “This intervention is strategically designed to address the root causes of SGBV and related issues through a community-driven, evidence-based approach. By promoting morals, values, and discipline, we aim to empower girls to become innovative, resourceful contributors to sustainable development.”

The initiative targets both in-school and out-of-school girls, with selected schools and communities identified for these transformative interventions. The partnership between RIFC Foundation, Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, and CTLI marks a significant step toward creating a safer, more empowered future for young girls.

Common Misuses of "Depression"

• Describing Temporary Low Mood or Feeling "Down"
  People often say they are "depressed" when experiencing a brief low mood or a bad day, which contrasts with clinical depression’s persistent nature. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) requires depressive symptoms, such as low mood and loss of interest, to persist for at least two weeks for an MDD diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Temporary low moods are normal and typically resolve without intervention.
  Example 1: Tunde says, “I’m so depressed; my team lost the match.” His mood lifts by the next day after watching another game, indicating a fleeting emotional dip, not depression.
  Example 2: Aisha feels “depressed” after a friend cancels plans. She enjoys a family dinner later that evening, showing her low mood was short-lived and event-specific.

• Referring to General Stress or Overwhelm
  The term "depression" is sometimes used to describe stress, anxiety, or feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities like work or family. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) notes that stress involves pressure or tension and is distinct from depression’s pervasive hopelessness, though chronic stress can contribute to depression (NIMH, 2023).
  Example 1: Ada says, “I’m depressed about all these deadlines.” She’s stressed but manages her tasks, unlike someone with depression who may struggle to function.
  Example 2: Obi says, “Planning this wedding is so depressing.” He’s overwhelmed by logistics, but his mood improves after delegating tasks, indicating stress, not depression.

• Expressing Boredom or Lack of Motivation
  People may misuse "depression" to describe boredom or situational lack of motivation, especially in unengaging contexts. The American Psychological Association (APA) clarifies that depression involves anhedonia—a profound loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities—not just temporary disinterest (APA, 2020). Boredom is alleviated by new stimuli, unlike depression’s persistent lack of engagement.
  Example 1: Emeka says, “I’m depressed; there’s nothing to do today.” He feels energized after finding a movie to watch, unlike the sustained disinterest in depression.
  Example 2: Fatima says, “This lecture is so depressing.” She’s bored but engages enthusiastically in a group discussion afterward, showing her mood was context-dependent.

• Describing Physical Fatigue or Low Energy
  Some use "depression" to describe physical tiredness or low energy, mistaking it for a mental health condition. While fatigue is a symptom of depression, The Lancet emphasizes that clinical depression includes emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms, not just tiredness, which may stem from poor sleep or overexertion (Malhi & Mann, 2018).
  Example 1: Ngozi says, “I’m so depressed; I’m exhausted from work.” After resting, she feels energized, indicating fatigue rather than depression.
  Example 2: Kemi says, “I’m depressed after that long trip.” She feels refreshed after a good night’s sleep, unlike the chronic fatigue associated with depression.

• Using "Depression" as Hyperbole for Minor Setbacks
  The term is often exaggerated to describe minor inconveniences, such as bad weather or small failures. The World Health Organization (WHO) underscores that depression is a serious condition affecting over 280 million people globally, not a casual descriptor for frustrations (WHO, 2023). This misuse diminishes the disorder’s perceived severity.
  Example 1: Chike says, “This rain is so depressing.” He’s annoyed about canceled plans but remains upbeat otherwise, unlike depression’s pervasive low mood.
  Example 2: Uche says, “I’m depressed; my phone battery died.” He’s frustrated but continues his day normally after charging it, showing a minor setback, not depression.

• Equating Depression with Personality Traits or Attitudes
  Some misuse "depression" to describe pessimistic outlooks or negative personality traits, implying it’s a choice or flaw. The NIMH clarifies that depression is a medical condition involving biological, psychological, and environmental factors, not a voluntary state or inherent trait (NIMH, 2023).
  Example 1: Amara says, “He’s always depressed; he’s just negative.” The person’s pessimism reflects their outlook, not a clinical diagnosis of depression.
  Example 2: Ifeanyi says, “She’s so depressing to be around.” He’s describing a colleague’s critical attitude, not a mental health condition.

• Applying "Depression" to Economic or Social Conditions
  The term is sometimes used to describe external situations, like economic downturns or societal issues (e.g., “the economy is depressing”). While such conditions can impact mental health, the APA notes that depression refers to an individual’s mental state, not external circumstances (APA, 2020). This misuse confuses personal health with systemic issues.
  Example 1: A news headline reads, “The recession is depressing.” This describes an economic state, not a clinical condition affecting individuals.
  Example 2: Musa says, “This city’s traffic is so depressing.” He’s frustrated with external conditions, but his mood remains stable, unlike clinical depression.

Why These Misuses Are Problematic

Misusing "depression" in these ways has significant consequences:

• Trivialization: Casual use downplays the severity of clinical depression, a leading cause of disability worldwide (WHO, 2023).

• Stigma: Equating depression with normal states or choices reinforces misconceptions that it’s not a legitimate medical condition, discouraging help-seeking.

• Delayed Treatment: Mislabeling other states as depression may delay recognition of true depressive symptoms, hindering access to treatments like therapy or medication (NIMH, 2023).

• Miscommunication: Inaccurate use in conversations can lead to misunderstandings about mental health needs.

In Nigeria, where mental health stigma is prevalent, misusing "depression" can exacerbate challenges for those seeking help. For instance, if someone describes a bad day as “depressing,” it may make it harder for a person with clinical depression to disclose their condition, fearing dismissal. Institutions like the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, stress the need for accurate terminology to promote understanding and access to care.

Correct Usage and Next Steps

To use "depression" accurately, reserve it for a clinical condition characterized by persistent low mood, anhedonia, and other symptoms outlined in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). For other states, use specific terms like “stressed,” “bored,” “tired,” “frustrated,” or “upset.” 

If depression is suspected, the APA recommends consulting a mental health professional for assessment, possibly using tools like the PHQ-9 questionnaire (APA, 2020). In Nigeria, facilities such as the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, offer specialized care for depression.

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.  

• American Psychological Association. (2020). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/depression

• Malhi, G. S., & Mann, J. J. (2018). Depression. The Lancet, 392(10161), 2299–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2

• National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression

• World Health Organization. (2023). Depressive Disorder (Depression). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

The term "depression" is frequently misused in everyday language, applied to a variety of emotions, situations, or states that differ significantly from clinical depression, a serious mental health condition. This misuse can trivialize major depressive disorder (MDD), contribute to stigma, and hinder recognition of those needing professional help. Beyond the well-known confusion with sadness and disappointment, people often misapply "depression" to describe temporary moods, stress, boredom, fatigue, minor setbacks, personality traits, or external conditions. This article outlines these misuses, provides illustrative examples, and emphasizes the importance of accurate terminology, supported by credible sources.

Common Misuses of "Depression"

• Describing Temporary Low Mood or Feeling "Down"
  People often say they are "depressed" when experiencing a brief low mood or a bad day, which contrasts with clinical depression’s persistent nature. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) requires depressive symptoms, such as low mood and loss of interest, to persist for at least two weeks for an MDD diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Temporary low moods are normal and typically resolve without intervention.
  Example 1: Tunde says, “I’m so depressed; my team lost the match.” His mood lifts by the next day after watching another game, indicating a fleeting emotional dip, not depression.
  Example 2: Aisha feels “depressed” after a friend cancels plans. She enjoys a family dinner later that evening, showing her low mood was short-lived and event-specific.

• Referring to General Stress or Overwhelm
  The term "depression" is sometimes used to describe stress, anxiety, or feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities like work or family. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) notes that stress involves pressure or tension and is distinct from depression’s pervasive hopelessness, though chronic stress can contribute to depression (NIMH, 2023).
  Example 1: Ada says, “I’m depressed about all these deadlines.” She’s stressed but manages her tasks, unlike someone with depression who may struggle to function.
  Example 2: Obi says, “Planning this wedding is so depressing.” He’s overwhelmed by logistics, but his mood improves after delegating tasks, indicating stress, not depression.

• Expressing Boredom or Lack of Motivation
  People may misuse "depression" to describe boredom or situational lack of motivation, especially in unengaging contexts. The American Psychological Association (APA) clarifies that depression involves anhedonia—a profound loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities—not just temporary disinterest (APA, 2020). Boredom is alleviated by new stimuli, unlike depression’s persistent lack of engagement.
  Example 1: Emeka says, “I’m depressed; there’s nothing to do today.” He feels energized after finding a movie to watch, unlike the sustained disinterest in depression.
  Example 2: Fatima says, “This lecture is so depressing.” She’s bored but engages enthusiastically in a group discussion afterward, showing her mood was context-dependent.

• Describing Physical Fatigue or Low Energy
  Some use "depression" to describe physical tiredness or low energy, mistaking it for a mental health condition. While fatigue is a symptom of depression, The Lancet emphasizes that clinical depression includes emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms, not just tiredness, which may stem from poor sleep or overexertion (Malhi & Mann, 2018).
  Example 1: Ngozi says, “I’m so depressed; I’m exhausted from work.” After resting, she feels energized, indicating fatigue rather than depression.
  Example 2: Kemi says, “I’m depressed after that long trip.” She feels refreshed after a good night’s sleep, unlike the chronic fatigue associated with depression.

• Using "Depression" as Hyperbole for Minor Setbacks
  The term is often exaggerated to describe minor inconveniences, such as bad weather or small failures. The World Health Organization (WHO) underscores that depression is a serious condition affecting over 280 million people globally, not a casual descriptor for frustrations (WHO, 2023). This misuse diminishes the disorder’s perceived severity.
  Example 1: Chike says, “This rain is so depressing.” He’s annoyed about canceled plans but remains upbeat otherwise, unlike depression’s pervasive low mood.
  Example 2: Uche says, “I’m depressed; my phone battery died.” He’s frustrated but continues his day normally after charging it, showing a minor setback, not depression.

• Equating Depression with Personality Traits or Attitudes
  Some misuse "depression" to describe pessimistic outlooks or negative personality traits, implying it’s a choice or flaw. The NIMH clarifies that depression is a medical condition involving biological, psychological, and environmental factors, not a voluntary state or inherent trait (NIMH, 2023).
  Example 1: Amara says, “He’s always depressed; he’s just negative.” The person’s pessimism reflects their outlook, not a clinical diagnosis of depression.
  Example 2: Ifeanyi says, “She’s so depressing to be around.” He’s describing a colleague’s critical attitude, not a mental health condition.

• Applying "Depression" to Economic or Social Conditions
  The term is sometimes used to describe external situations, like economic downturns or societal issues (e.g., “the economy is depressing”). While such conditions can impact mental health, the APA notes that depression refers to an individual’s mental state, not external circumstances (APA, 2020). This misuse confuses personal health with systemic issues.
  Example 1: A news headline reads, “The recession is depressing.” This describes an economic state, not a clinical condition affecting individuals.
  Example 2: Musa says, “This city’s traffic is so depressing.” He’s frustrated with external conditions, but his mood remains stable, unlike clinical depression.

Why These Misuses Are Problematic

Misusing "depression" in these ways has significant consequences:

• Trivialization: Casual use downplays the severity of clinical depression, a leading cause of disability worldwide (WHO, 2023).

• Stigma: Equating depression with normal states or choices reinforces misconceptions that it’s not a legitimate medical condition, discouraging help-seeking.

• Delayed Treatment: Mislabeling other states as depression may delay recognition of true depressive symptoms, hindering access to treatments like therapy or medication (NIMH, 2023).

• Miscommunication: Inaccurate use in conversations can lead to misunderstandings about mental health needs.

In Nigeria, where mental health stigma is prevalent, misusing "depression" can exacerbate challenges for those seeking help. For instance, if someone describes a bad day as “depressing,” it may make it harder for a person with clinical depression to disclose their condition, fearing dismissal. Institutions like the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, stress the need for accurate terminology to promote understanding and access to care.

Correct Usage and Next Steps

To use "depression" accurately, reserve it for a clinical condition characterized by persistent low mood, anhedonia, and other symptoms outlined in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). For other states, use specific terms like “stressed,” “bored,” “tired,” “frustrated,” or “upset.” 

If depression is suspected, the APA recommends consulting a mental health professional for assessment, possibly using tools like the PHQ-9 questionnaire (APA, 2020). In Nigeria, facilities such as the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, offer specialized care for depression.

References  

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.  

• American Psychological Association. (2020). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/depression  

• Malhi, G. S., & Mann, J. J. (2018). Depression. The Lancet, 392(10161), 2299–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2  

• National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression  

• World Health Organization. (2023). Depressive Disorder (Depression). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

The effects of stress on the body and mind can often be hidden, especially in the early stages, as they may not manifest as obvious physical symptoms. Stress can silently impact various systems, leading to issues like elevated cortisol levels, weakened immune function, digestive problems, or cardiovascular strain without immediate, noticeable signs. Over time, these hidden effects may contribute to conditions such as hypertension, anxiety, depression, or chronic fatigue.

Once symptoms begin, there is no single "cure," but the effects can often be managed or reversed with targeted interventions, depending on the severity and duration of stress. Effective strategies include:

• Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can reduce cortisol levels and improve resilience to stress.

• Mind-Body Techniques: Practices like mindfulness through prayer, meditating on the words of scripture or deep breathing can lower stress responses and promote relaxation.

• Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or other forms of counseling can help address underlying causes and develop coping mechanisms.

• Medical Intervention: If stress has led to conditions like anxiety or heart disease, medications or medical treatments may be necessary, guided by a healthcare provider.

• Social Support: Building strong social connections can buffer the effects of stress.

Early intervention is key, as chronic stress can lead to more severe, harder-to-reverse damage.

Stress and The Mind

Stress can significantly affect the mind. It can disrupt cognitive functions, emotional well-being, and mental health in both subtle and overt ways. Here’s how:

• Cognitive Impact: Chronic stress can impair memory, concentration, and decision-making by elevating cortisol levels, which affect the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex—brain areas critical for learning and executive function.

• Emotional Effects: Stress often leads to irritability, anxiety, mood swings, or feelings of overwhelm. It can exacerbate or trigger mental health conditions like depression or anxiety disorders.

• Behavioral Changes: Stress may cause insomnia, reduced motivation, or unhealthy coping behaviors like overeating or substance use.

• Neurological Strain: Prolonged stress can alter brain structure and function, potentially reducing resilience to future stressors and increasing vulnerability to mental health issues.

Management and Recovery: While there’s no instant cure, the mental effects of stress can often be mitigated or reversed with:

• Mindfulness practices (e.g., prayer, meditating on the words of scripture, deep breathing).

• Therapy (e.g., CBT to reframe negative thought patterns).

• Physical activity to boost endorphins and reduce cortisol.

• Social support to alleviate emotional burden.

• In severe cases, medication prescribed by a professional.

Early action is crucial to prevent long-term mental health challenges. If symptoms like persistent anxiety or depression emerge, consult a mental health professional for personalized care.

Prolonged Stress

Prolonged stress elevates glucocorticoids like cortisol, which are critical in the stress response but harmful when chronically elevated. Below, I outline cortisol’s role, the negative effects of excess glucocorticoids (including reproductive dysfunction), what levels are considered chronic, other adverse effects, simple ways to reduce cortisol, and a conclusion, with cited sources.

Cortisol’s Role in Stress Response

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone from the adrenal glands, is released via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during stress. It mobilizes energy by increasing blood glucose through glycogenolysis and lipolysis, suppresses non-essential functions (e.g., immune and reproductive systems), and enhances brain alertness to manage acute threats. Charmandari et al. (2005) note cortisol’s adaptive role in prioritizing survival (Physiol Rev, 85(1):77-123). Chronic activation, however, disrupts homeostasis.

Negative Effects of Excess Glucocorticoids

Chronic cortisol elevation causes widespread harm:

• Immune Suppression: Inhibits immune cell activity, increasing infection risk and slowing healing. Sapolsky et al. (2000) describe suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Endocr Rev, 21(1):55-89).

• Metabolic Dysfunction: Promotes gluconeogenesis and fat redistribution, leading to weight gain, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes risk. Björntorp (2001) links hypercortisolemia to visceral obesity (Obes Rev, 2(3):157-166).

• Cognitive Impairment: Damages the hippocampus, impairing memory and learning. McEwen (2007) notes dendritic atrophy in the brain (Annu Rev Neurosci, 30:153-188).

• Cardiovascular Issues: Elevates blood pressure and promotes atherosclerosis, increasing heart disease risk. Whitworth et al. (2005) highlight hypertension (J Hypertens, 23(2):263-268).

• Reproductive Dysfunction: Disrupts reproductive hormones, causing irregular menstrual cycles, reduced fertility, and decreased libido. Kalantaridou et al. (2004) explain cortisol’s suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), inhibiting ovulation and spermatogenesis (J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89(7):3187-3194).

Other Adverse Effects

Chronic cortisol elevation also causes:

• Mental Health Disorders: Linked to anxiety, depression, and mood dysregulation due to HPA axis dysfunction (Holsboer, 2000; Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(5):477-501).

• Bone Loss: Inhibits osteoblast activity, increasing osteoporosis risk (J Bone Miner Res, 2006; 21(10):1527-1536).

• Muscle Wasting: Promotes protein catabolism, causing muscle breakdown (Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2002; 283(4):E766-E773).

• Sleep Disruption: Disrupts circadian rhythms, leading to insomnia (Sleep Med Rev, 2007; 11(6):405-420).

What Levels of Cortisol Are Considered Chronic?

Cortisol levels vary diurnally, peaking in the morning and declining at night. Normal ranges depend on the testing method (e.g., blood, saliva, urine). For blood, morning cortisol typically ranges from 5-25 µg/dL (138-690 nmol/L), per Mayo Clinic Labs. Chronic elevation, or hypercortisolemia, is not defined by a single threshold but by persistent elevation above normal ranges or disrupted diurnal rhythms (e.g., high nighttime levels). Miller et al. (2007) suggest chronic stress-related hypercortisolemia is often indicated by:

• Salivary cortisol: Consistently >0.5 µg/dL (13.8 nmol/L) in late evening (normal <0.1-0.2 µg/dL).

• 24-hour urinary free cortisol: >100 µg/day (276 nmol/day) over extended periods.

• Flattened diurnal slope: Loss of the normal cortisol decline from morning to evening (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(1):1-13).

• These patterns, seen in chronic stress or conditions like Cushing’s syndrome, correlate with adverse health outcomes. Diagnosis requires medical evaluation, as levels vary by individual and context.

Simple Ways to Reduce Cortisol

Evidence-based strategies to lower cortisol include:

• Exercise: Moderate aerobic exercise (e.g., 30-minute brisk walk) reduces cortisol. Hill et al. (2008) found it decreases cortisol and improves mood (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(7):857-865). Avoid overtraining.

• Mindfulness and Meditation: Mindfulness-based stress reduction calms the HPA axis. Matousek et al. (2010) report cortisol reductions (Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1172:34-39). Practice 10-15 minutes daily.

• Sleep Hygiene: 7-9 hours of quality sleep regulates cortisol rhythms. Leproult & Van Cauter (2010) show sleep deprivation spikes cortisol (Sleep Med Rev, 14(3):163-173). Maintain consistent sleep schedules.

• Social Connection: Positive interactions buffer stress. Heinrichs et al. (2003) found social support lowers cortisol (Biol Psychiatry, 54(3):138-147). Connect with loved ones.

• Nutrition: A balanced diet with omega-3s and low glycemic index foods regulates cortisol. Epel et al. (2001) note poor diet worsens cortisol responses (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(1):37-49). Include fish, nuts, and whole grains.

Conclusion

Cortisol is essential for acute stress but harmful when chronically elevated, with persistent levels above normal ranges or disrupted diurnal patterns causing immune, metabolic, cognitive, cardiovascular, reproductive, and other dysfunctions. Exercise, mindfulness, sleep, social support, and nutrition can reduce cortisol. Seek medical advice for cortisol testing. Stressed yet still think you’re living your best life? Think again.

The Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation (CLIMHAF) is pleased to unveil its program of activities to commemorate World Mental Health Awareness Month and the Foundation’s first anniversary. Speaking on May 1, 2025, in Enugu, Executive Director Reverend Chukwudiebube Nwachukwu outlined the planned initiatives, emphasizing the Foundation’s commitment to community service, impactful outreach, and sustainable development.

Throughout May 2025, CLIMHAF will mark both World Mental Health Awareness Month and its first year of operation with a series of targeted activities. Reverend Nwachukwu announced that the Foundation will offer free counseling services across the month, dedicated to supporting diverse communities, including:

• Widows, Widowers, and the Elderly (65+): Support for grief, loneliness, and life transitions.

• Survivors of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV): Tailored counseling for resilience, recovery, and empowerment.

• Persons with Impairments: Specialized mental health support to promote inclusion and well-being.

• Women Experiencing Antenatal/Postpartum Depression: Compassionate maternal mental healthcare.

• Athletes and Coaches: Counseling to enhance performance, productivity, and mental resilience.

These services will be accessible in all 12 states where CLIMHAF operates. Individuals and communities are encouraged to contact the Foundation at +2348148318965 to access these free counseling services.

Reverend Nwachukwu called on community members and stakeholders to join CLIMHAF in its ongoing efforts to promote mental wellness and empower lives through compassion and sustainable initiatives. This dual celebration underscores the Foundation’s dedication to fostering mental health awareness and creating lasting positive change across Nigeria.

The critical need to enhance mental health awareness, education, and support to combat stigma and address mental health challenges underscores the importance of this partnership between Rapha Technologies Limited (Raphatech) and Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation (Cope and Live). This collaboration aims to integrate innovative digital healthcare solutions with mental health advocacy to create sustainable, impactful outcomes for communities in Enugu, Nigeria, and beyond.

About Rapha Technologies Limited

Rapha Technologies Limited, a private limited liability company based in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria, specializes in digital healthcare solutions, including telemedicine services and micro-life insurance products. Raphatech’s mission is to deliver accessible healthcare to all societal segments, leveraging technology to bridge gaps in healthcare delivery.

About Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation

Cope and Live is a non-governmental organization dedicated to transforming lives through mental health awareness, advocacy, support, and education. The foundation focuses on vulnerable populations, including inmates, flood survivors, and individuals with impairments, providing psychosocial support and educational initiatives.

Purpose of the Partnership

Recognizing the complementary nature of their missions, Raphatech and Cope and Live have forged a strategic partnership to amplify their impact. Raphatech’s expertise in telemedicine and digital health solutions aligns with Cope and Live’s focus on mental health education and psychosocial support. This collaboration leverages the strengths of both organizations to deliver integrated healthcare and mental health solutions, particularly for underserved populations such as inmates, crisis-affected communities, schools, and sports organizations.

The partnership aims to:

• Integrate telemedicine into mental health programs to enhance access to remote consultations for underserved groups, including flood survivors and custodial center inmates.

• Provide mental health education to Raphatech’s clients, including corporate partners, business owners, and private residences, as a value-added service.

• Develop a mental health module to support Cope and Live’s COLI Mental Health Academy, enabling digital training for diverse groups such as educators, sports coaches, athletes, and healthcare providers.

Key Collaborative Initiatives

• Telemedicine Integration: Raphatech will provide a telemedicine platform, including services like E-Term and Alat-Health Connect, to support Cope and Live’s mental health outreach programs. This will enable remote mental health consultations for individuals in underserved or crisis-affected areas.

• Mental Health Education: Cope and Live will deliver mental health education and psychosocial support to Raphatech’s clients, enhancing the value of Raphatech’s digital health offerings.

• COLI Mental Health Academy Support: Raphatech will offer technical expertise to develop digital training modules for the COLI Mental Health Academy, strengthening its capacity to train individuals and organizations on holistic well-being.

• Joint Community Programs: The partnership will facilitate access to custodial centers, schools, and communities for collaborative initiatives, ensuring broader reach and impact.

Mutual Benefits

• Expanded Reach: Cope and Live gains access to Raphatech’s telemedicine technology, extending its mental health programs to remote and underserved populations.

• Enhanced Service Offerings: Raphatech strengthens its digital health portfolio with mental health education and psychosocial support services.

• Community Impact: Both organizations achieve synergistic impact through resource sharing, innovation, and holistic support, fostering sustainable community development.

• Increased Credibility: The partnership enhances the credibility of both organizations through collaborative, high-impact initiatives.

Responsibilities

Rapha Technologies Limited:

• Provide access to its telemedicine platform, including toll-free call services, for Cope and Live’s mental health programs (upon establishment of Rapha Health).

• Offer technical support for developing digital training modules for the COLI Mental Health Academy.

• Collaborate on joint marketing efforts to promote partnership initiatives to clients and partners.

Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation:

• Deliver mental health education and psychosocial support to Raphatech’s clients and target populations.

• Facilitate access to custodial centers, schools, and communities for joint programs.

• Provide feedback on the effectiveness of telemedicine services in supporting mental health initiatives.

Conclusion

This partnership between Rapha Technologies Limited and Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation represents a transformative step toward integrating digital healthcare and mental health advocacy. By combining their respective strengths, both organizations are poised to deliver innovative, accessible, and sustainable solutions that address the pressing mental health needs of communities in Nigeria and beyond.

Mental health is a cornerstone of human well-being, influencing physical, emotional, and social functioning. For individuals within custodial environments—both correctional officers and inmates—maintaining mental, psychological, and emotional stability is critical to fostering a safe, rehabilitative, and productive system. Correctional officers bear the weight of significant responsibilities, managing complex and often high-stress environments that demand resilience, emotional intelligence, and professional acumen. Prolonged exposure to stressors such as environmental challenges, societal expectations, family pressures, and the emotional toll of their duties can undermine their mental health, potentially impacting their ability to perform effectively and uphold the principles of rehabilitation.

For inmates, the custodial setting can exacerbate pre-existing mental health challenges or trigger new ones. Factors such as isolation, stigma, loss of autonomy, and limited access to mental health resources often lead to negative coping mechanisms, including substance abuse, self-harm, or withdrawal. These behaviors not only hinder personal growth but also obstruct the rehabilitative goals of the correctional system. The need for psychosocial interventions in custodial centers is thus twofold: to empower correctional officers with tools to manage stress, transform anxieties into constructive action, and enhance their capacity to support inmates; and to promote mental, emotional, and social well-being among inmates, equipping them with skills to overcome negative self-talk, rebuild hope, and adopt healthier lifestyles.

Recognizing these needs, the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, in partnership with the Carmelite Prisoners’ Interest Organization Nigeria (CAPIO), initiated a comprehensive psychosocial engagement program targeting three custodial centers in Enugu State. This initiative aimed to foster mental health awareness, provide education, and implement practical strategies to enhance the well-being of both correctional staff and inmates, ultimately contributing to a more effective and humane correctional system.

Introduction

The psychosocial engagement program, conducted between January 21, 2025, and April 3, 2025, targeted three custodial centers in Enugu State: Nsukka Custodial Centre, Oji River Custodial Centre, and Enugu Maximum Custodial Centre. This collaborative effort between the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation and CAPIO was designed to address critical mental health challenges within the custodial system through targeted interventions. The program was anchored on three key objectives:

• Supporting Correctional Officers’ Mental Health and Professional Capacity: Correctional officers operate in high-pressure environments characterized by environmental stressors, societal scrutiny, and emotional demands. These factors can compromise their mental health, leading to burnout, reduced empathy, or impaired decision-making, all of which affect inmate well-being and the correctional process. The intervention provided officers with mental health education, equipping them with strategies to maintain psychological, emotional, and social resilience. Officers were trained to recognize and manage various emotions—both their own and those of inmates—using professional approaches such as patience, empathy, and stress management techniques. This training aimed to enhance their productivity, strengthen their role in rehabilitation, and foster a supportive environment for inmates.

• Addressing Inmates’ Mental Health and Coping Mechanisms: Many inmates face mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, often as a means of escaping the harsh realities of incarceration. The intervention offered psychosocial support to help inmates address these issues, promoting healthier coping mechanisms and fostering mental and emotional resilience. Through workshops and counseling, inmates were encouraged to reframe negative emotions, build hope, and develop skills to navigate their challenges without resorting to harmful behaviors.

• Enhancing the Correctional System Through Rehabilitation: A robust correctional system prioritizes rehabilitation over mere containment, preparing inmates to reintegrate into society as reformed and responsible citizens. The psychosocial engagement equipped correctional officers with knowledge and techniques to facilitate effective rehabilitation, ensuring that inmates’ time in custody leads to meaningful change. By fostering a culture of mental health awareness, the program aimed to reduce recidivism and support inmates’ successful reintegration into society.

Program Implementation

The engagement program employed a multifaceted approach, including workshops, group discussions, one-on-one counseling sessions, and mental health awareness campaigns tailored to the unique needs of each custodial center. Topics covered included stress management, emotional regulation, conflict resolution, and the importance of self-care for correctional officers, as well as coping strategies, substance abuse prevention, and goal-setting for inmates. The program also facilitated open dialogues between officers and inmates to build trust and mutual understanding, creating a more collaborative and rehabilitative environment.

Conclusion

The psychosocial engagement program spearheaded by the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation in partnership with the Carmelite Prisoners’ Interest Organization Nigeria (CAPIO) marks a transformative milestone in addressing the mental health needs of correctional officers and inmates across Enugu State’s custodial centers. By equipping officers with the knowledge and tools to navigate stress, foster emotional resilience, and approach their roles with empathy and professionalism, the initiative has fortified their capacity to drive meaningful rehabilitation. For inmates, the program has been a lifeline, offering critical support to overcome mental health challenges, replace destructive coping mechanisms with constructive strategies, and rekindle hope for a brighter future.

The ripple effects of this initiative extend far beyond the walls of Nsukka, Oji River, and Enugu Maximum Custodial Centres. By cultivating a culture of mental health awareness and education, the program has laid the foundation for a more humane, effective, and sustainable correctional system—one that prioritizes rehabilitation over punishment and empowers inmates to reintegrate into society as reformed, responsible citizens. This holistic approach not only reduces the risk of recidivism but also fosters safer communities, demonstrating that mental health is a cornerstone of social progress.

The success of this program serves as a powerful call to action. It underscores the urgent need for ongoing investment in mental health initiatives within custodial systems and highlights the transformative potential of collaborative partnerships. By championing the psychological and emotional well-being of all stakeholders, we can redefine the purpose of incarceration, turning custodial centers into spaces of healing, growth, and second chances. This initiative is a beacon of hope, illuminating a path toward a more just, compassionate, and inclusive society where every individual is empowered to thrive.

The three-day art therapy bootcamp for children aged 6–12 held by Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation revealed critical insights into the emotional and psychological challenges faced by young participants drawn from different schools in Enugu, underscoring the urgent need for targeted mental health awareness and education to promote holistic well-being. Key issues observed included name-calling, lack of resilience, and indecision, each with significant short- and long-term consequences if not addressed. Below, we outline these issues, their effects on children, and the potential negative outcomes if they persist into adulthood.

1. The Problem of Name-Calling

Issue and Effects on Children: Participants frequently reported being subjected to derogatory labels such as “duck mouth,” “fool,” “dummy,” "idiot", “fatty bum bum,” and “ugly duckling” from peers, teachers, parents, and others. These labels significantly undermined their self-confidence, self-esteem, and overall mental well-being. The internalization of such names fostered negative self-perceptions, leading to reduced motivation, impaired social interactions, and diminished academic performance. During art-based exercises, children visually expressed feelings of anger, worry, and sadness, often linking these emotions to the impact of name-calling.

Long-Term Consequences if Unaddressed: If carried into adulthood, the effects of name-calling can manifest as chronic low self-esteem, social anxiety, and difficulty forming healthy relationships. Adults who internalize negative labels may struggle with professional confidence, experience higher rates of depression, and exhibit self-sabotaging behaviors, limiting personal and career growth.

2. The Issue of Lack of Resilience

Issue and Effects on Children: Many children displayed a lack of social, mental, and emotional resilience, with some expressing feelings of despair and exhaustion due to pressures such as bullying, academic stress, parental expectations, and neglect. A few participants admitted to contemplating giving up on life, highlighting the severity of their emotional distress. This lack of resilience hindered their ability to cope with challenges, manage emotions, and maintain positive peer relationships.

Long-Term Consequences if Unaddressed: Without intervention, a lack of resilience in childhood can lead to poor stress management, increased vulnerability to mental health disorders, and difficulty navigating setbacks in adulthood. Adults with low resilience may struggle with workplace challenges, exhibit avoidance behaviors, and face heightened risks of burnout or substance abuse as maladaptive coping mechanisms.

3. The Challenge with Indecision

Issue and Effects on Children: Indecision was prevalent among participants, particularly during painting exercises, where many struggled to make choices or commit to decisions. This behavior reflects underlying anxiety, fear of failure, or lack of confidence, which can impede problem-solving and independent thinking. Indecision also contributed to frustration and disengagement during activities, further affecting their emotional well-being and participation.

Long-Term Consequences if Unaddressed: Persistent indecision can evolve into chronic procrastination, fear of risk-taking, and difficulty with career and life planning in adulthood. Adults who struggle with decision-making may experience stalled professional growth, strained relationships, and a pervasive sense of unfulfillment due to missed opportunities.

Summary of Program Interventions

To address these issues, the bootcamp implemented targeted interventions:

Mental Health Awareness and Education: Conducted by trained child psychologist Mrs. Uzoamaka Nwachukwu, these sessions equipped children with tools to identify and manage emotions, build self-esteem, and develop coping strategies.

Multi-Sport Activities: Led by certified trainer-coach Ebere Amaraizu, Chairman of Rangers International Football Club Foundation, these activities promoted teamwork, confidence, and emotional resilience.

Conclusion and Recommendation

The observations from the bootcamp highlight the critical need for intensive mental health education and support for children and adolescents. Name-calling, lack of resilience, and indecision not only impair children’s immediate well-being but also pose significant risks to their long-term mental health and success. By fostering emotional intelligence, resilience, and confidence through structured interventions, we can empower young individuals to overcome these challenges and thrive into adulthood. Continued investment in holistic well-being programs is essential to ensure children develop the skills needed for a healthy, productive future. To address these critical issues and foster success, emotional and physical resilience, self-awareness, and holistic well-being in children, we invite schools to schedule a visit with our team. Please contact us by emailing info@copeandlive.foundation or calling 08148318965 to arrange a program tailored to your students’ needs.

The CEOWORLD magazine article, published on January 13, 2025, ranks 197 countries based on stress levels across four categories: work-related stress, money-related stress, social and family-related stress, and health and safety-related stress.

• Nigeria’s Ranking: According to the 2025 CEOWORLD magazine survey, Nigeria ranks 180 out of 197 countries for stress levels. Countries reporting higher stress levels include Sierra Leone, Liberia, Somalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger, Mozambique, Eritrea, Sudan, North Korea, Madagascar, Central African Republic, Yemen, Malawi, Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Burundi, with Burundi identified as the most stressed nation. In addition, related sources, such as a Statista report from 2023, indicate Nigeria is among the most stressed nations, with around 62% of respondents reporting stress the previous day.

Reasons for Nigeria’s High Depression and Stress Rates

Based on the CEOWORLD article, related sources, and general knowledge about Nigeria’s mental health landscape, the following factors contribute to Nigeria’s high depression and stress rates:

• Economic Instability and Poverty:

  • Nigeria faces significant economic challenges, with over 40% of the population living below the poverty line and a GDP per capita of approximately $2,000–$2,400.

  • High unemployment rates, especially among youth (over 50% in some regions), and rising inflation exacerbate financial stress, leading to feelings of hopelessness and depression.

  • The CEOWORLD article highlights money-related stress as a key factor in developing countries, directly applicable to Nigeria.

• Limited Mental Health Infrastructure:

  • Nigeria has a severe shortage of mental health professionals, with only about 250 psychiatrists for a population exceeding 200 million.

  • Mental health facilities are scarce, particularly in rural areas, and funding for mental health services is minimal (less than 1% of the health budget).

  • This lack of access prevents timely diagnosis and treatment of depression, worsening outcomes.

• Cultural Stigma and Misconceptions:

  • Mental health issues, including depression, are often stigmatized in Nigeria. Many attribute mental illness to spiritual or supernatural causes, discouraging individuals from seeking professional help.

  • The Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation addresses this stigma.

• Social and Family-Related Stress:

  • The CEOWORLD article notes social and family-related stress as a key metric. In Nigeria, societal pressures, such as expectations to provide financially for extended families, contribute to stress and depression.

  • Gender-based violence, child marriage, and other social issues disproportionately affect women and youth, increasing mental health risks.

• Health and Safety Concerns:

  • Nigeria faces security challenges, including insurgencies (e.g., Boko Haram), communal violence, and kidnapping, which create a pervasive sense of insecurity.

  • The CEOWORLD article links health and safety-related stress to developing countries, and Nigeria’s high crime rates and political instability amplify this.

  • Poor healthcare access and high disease burden (e.g., malaria, HIV/AIDS) further compound mental health challenges.

• Historical and Political Instability:

  • Decades of political instability, corruption, and weak governance have eroded trust in institutions, contributing to collective stress and despair.

  • The CEOWORLD article mentions political instability as a stressor in countries like Burundi, and Nigeria shares similar challenges.

• Urbanization and Lifestyle Pressures:

  • Rapid urbanization in cities like Lagos leads to overcrowded living conditions, long commutes, and work-life imbalance, contributing to stress.

  • The CEOWORLD article’s focus on work-related stress is relevant, as Nigeria’s informal economy often involves long hours with low pay.

Proposed Solutions

With an emphasis on improving holistic wellbeing, the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, using evidence-based mental health interventions, proposes the following solutions to address Nigeria’s high depression and stress rates. Solutions like Education, Awareness, Reducing stigma, Support, Community based Interventions, especially focusing on Youth and vulnerable populations have formed the bulk of our work and interventions since inception:

• Enhance Mental Health Infrastructure:

  • Increase Funding: Allocate a higher percentage of the national health budget (e.g., 5–10%) to mental health services, as recommended by the WHO.

  • Train Professionals: Expand training programs for psychiatrists, psychologists, and community health workers to address the shortage of mental health professionals.

  • Decentralize Services: Establish mental health clinics in rural and underserved areas to improve access.

• Reduce Stigma Through Education:

  • Public Awareness Campaigns: Launch nationwide campaigns, like those likely run by Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, using media, schools, and religious institutions to educate about depression as a medical condition.

  • Community Engagement: Organize workshops and support groups to foster open discussions about mental health, reducing shame and encouraging help-seeking.

• Address Economic Stressors:

  • Job and Skill Creation: Implement youth employment programs and vocational training to reduce unemployment, a key driver of financial stress highlighted in the CEOWORLD article. The Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation skill acquisition centre champions this solution through its mushroom farming training among others.

  • Social Safety Nets: Expand microfinance programs and cash transfer schemes to alleviate poverty and provide financial stability for vulnerable populations.

  • Price Stabilization: Government policies to control inflation and stabilize food prices can reduce money-related stress.

• Improve Access to Mental Health Support:

  • Helplines and Telehealth: Scale up mental health helplines and telemedicine platforms, as offered by Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation and others, to provide remote counseling, especially in areas with no physical clinics.

  • Subsidized Care: Offer free or low-cost mental health services, including therapy and medications, to make treatment affordable.

  • Integration with Primary Care: Train primary healthcare workers to screen for and manage depression, integrating mental health into existing health systems.

• Promote Community-Based Interventions:

  • Support Groups: Establish peer-led support groups in communities to provide safe spaces for sharing experiences and coping strategies.

  • Psychoeducation: Educate families and caregivers about recognizing and supporting loved ones with depression, reducing social stigma and isolation.

• Address Safety and Security:

  • Strengthen Security: Improve policing and conflict resolution mechanisms to reduce violence and insecurity, addressing health and safety-related stress noted in the CEOWORLD article.

  • Trauma-Informed Care: Train mental health providers to offer trauma-focused therapies for individuals affected by violence or displacement.

• Leverage Technology and Innovation:

  • Mobile Apps: Develop mental health apps offering self-help tools, mindfulness exercises, and connections to counselors, tailored to Nigeria’s high mobile penetration rate.

  • Data-Driven Advocacy: Use data, like the CEOWORLD stress rankings, to advocate for policy changes and attract international funding for mental health programs.

• Policy and Advocacy:

  • Mental Health Legislation: The Mental Health Act 2021 which updated Nigeria’s outdated Lunacy Act of 1958 should be implemented and concerns raised addressed to protect rights and ensure care.

  • Partnerships: Collaborate with international organizations and local NGO’s to scale up interventions and share best practices.

• Focus on Youth and Vulnerable Groups:

  • School-Based Programs: Introduce mental health education in schools to teach coping skills and resilience to youth, who are at high risk for stress and depression.

  • Gender-Sensitive Interventions: Provide targeted support for women and girls facing gender-based violence or societal pressures, addressing social and family-related stress.

• Promote Work-Life Balance:

  • Workplace Policies: Encourage employers to adopt flexible hours or mental health days, reducing work-related stress as highlighted in the CEOWORLD article.

  • Stress Management Training: Offer workshops on mindfulness, time management, and stress reduction techniques in workplaces and communities. Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation offers this through our mental health academy - www.coliacademy.org

The Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation is a non-profit organization in Nigeria dedicated to:

• Raising awareness about mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and other disorders.

• Reducing stigma through education and community engagement.

• Providing support services, such as counseling, helplines, and psychological first aid.

• Advocating for improved mental health infrastructure and policies in Nigeria.

The foundation emphasizes Nigeria’s high depression rates, aligning with reports from organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), which estimate that over 7 million Nigerians suffer from depression. Since inception, the foundation’s mission involves addressing systemic barriers to mental health care and promoting accessible solutions.

In furtherance of our mission to enhance mental health awareness and education in Ebonyi State and its environs, the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation is pleased to announce the appointment of Pharmacist Amarachi Ugwu as our Focal Person for Ebonyi State.

According to Reverend Chukwudiebube Nwachukwu, Executive Director of the Foundation, this appointment aligns with our strategic efforts to expand the impact of our Mental Health Academy and advance our vision for a healthier, more resilient society. "Pharmacist Amarachi Ugwu has been a dedicated stakeholder and volunteer with the Foundation, and we are delighted to recognize her commitment by appointing her as our Focal Person for Ebonyi State," Reverend Nwachukwu stated.

In her new role, Pharmacist Ugwu will work closely with the Foundation to strengthen and expand our established mental health awareness programs and activities. Her efforts will focus on fostering greater community engagement, promoting sustainable development, and driving impactful mental health initiatives across Ebonyi State.

Pharmacist Amarachi Ugwu is a graduate of Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and currently serves at the Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital. Her research interests span HIV/AIDS, disease ecology, mental health, drug discovery, public health, clinical pharmacy, and preventive medicine. Notably, she has conducted research on discrimination and stigmatization faced by elderly individuals living with HIV at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, among other significant contributions.

The Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation commends Pharmacist Ugwu’s dedication and looks forward to her leadership in advancing mental health advocacy and support in Ebonyi State.

For further inquiries, please contact us.

• Day 1: Do Lesson 1 (Garden Check-In). Spend 10 minutes reflecting.

Goal: Understand mental health basics, learn practical tools, and build habits to thrive mentally in a short time.

• Timeline: Practice one lesson daily for 5 days, spending 10-15 minutes per day. Repeat or revisit as needed to master.

Lesson 1: What Is Mental Health?

Concept: Mental health is how well your mind thinks, feels, and copes with life’s ups and downs. It’s not just the absence of problems (like depression or anxiety) but also the presence of positive traits, like resilience and joy. Everyone has mental health, just like everyone has physical health.

Analogy: Think of your mind as a garden. A healthy garden has blooming flowers (positive emotions), strong roots (coping skills), and regular care (habits like rest or reflection). Weeds (stress, negative thoughts) pop up sometimes, but with care, you keep the garden thriving.

Why It Matters: Understanding mental health helps you spot when your “garden” needs attention and gives you tools to nurture it.

Practical Exercise: The Garden Check-In (10 min)

• Grab a notebook or phone. Write down how your “mental garden” feels today:

  • What’s blooming? (e.g., “I felt happy talking to a friend.”)

  • Any weeds? (e.g., “I’m worried about work.”)

  • What needs care? (e.g., “I need more rest.”)

• Rate your overall mental health from 1 (struggling) to 10 (thriving).

• End by writing one thing you’ll do today to care for your garden (e.g., “Take a 5-minute walk.”).

Tip to Stick: Do this check-in each morning for a week, like checking the weather. It builds self-awareness, a key mental health skill. Studies show self-monitoring improves emotional regulation (Gross, 1998). Add a prayer to the Garden Check-In: “Lord, help me tend the mind You gave me.”

Coach Tar Akombo, Chief Coach of Lobi Stars Football Club, Makurdi, has commended the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation and Coli Mental Health Academy for their successful psychosocial engagement with the club’s coaches, athletes, and support staff. The event, held at the conference room of Top Rank Galaxy Hotel, Independence Layout, Enugu, was described as highly impactful.

Coach Akombo emphasized the importance of regular psychosocial engagement to enhance the psychological, mental, emotional, and physical well-being of athletes and coaches, noting that technical and tactical training alone is insufficient. He expressed gratitude to the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation and its partners for their support, insightful sessions, and commitment to promoting mental health awareness. He affirmed that the knowledge gained would significantly benefit all participants, including coaches, athletes, and backroom staff.

The engagement featured sessions led by Cope and Live psychotherapists, including "Self-Awareness" by Mrs. Uzoamaka Nwachukwu, "Anger Management" by Reverend Chukwudiebube Nwachukwu, and "Brain Health and Behaviors" by Coach Ebere Amaraizu.

Organized by the Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation in collaboration with the Rangers International Football Club Foundation, the initiative aimed to strengthen the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities of participants, fostering improved performance and overall well-being.Suicide Prevention for the Elderly, Child and Adolescent.

Coach Ebere Amaraizu, Chairman of Rangers International Football Club Foundation, has expressed profound sorrow over the passing of Coach Christian Chukwu, MFR, a revered legend of Rangers International Football Club of Enugu. Describing his death as a significant loss, Coach Amaraizu highlighted Chukwu’s exceptional qualities as a player, coach, and manager, which served as an inspiration for younger generations, players, and coaches alike.

Speaking in Enugu, Coach Amaraizu noted that while Chukwu’s time on earth has ended, his enduring values of discipline, integrity, and innovation will continue to inspire. “His remarkable standards, morals, and discipline unlocked his potential and established him as a transformative figure in football,” Amaraizu stated. “These qualities will remain a cornerstone of our efforts to motivate young minds.”

Through the Foundation’s InspireMe program, Chukwu’s legacy is already being shared with the next generation. During a recent initiative at Antelope House, children learned about his character, contributions, and transformative impact on the club. Moving forward, the Foundation is committed to perpetuating Chukwu’s values of hard work, dedication, and resilience through ongoing programs and partnerships with relevant stakeholders.

Coach Amaraizu emphasized that sustaining Chukwu’s legacy requires intentional efforts to reflect his principles in transformative initiatives. The Foundation pledges to honor his contributions by working with relevant partners like Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation and fostering these ideals for the benefit of future generations.

Coach Victor Okoh, Chairman of the Nigeria Football Coaches Association in Enugu State, has advocated for consistent psychosocial engagement to enhance the performance and well-being of coaches and athletes. Speaking at a recent event hosted at the Enugu State Football Association boardroom, Coach Okoh praised the free psychosocial training organized by Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, COLI Mental Health Academy, and Rangers International Football Club Foundation. He emphasized the demanding nature of coaching, which requires strong psychological, mental, and emotional resilience, and expressed hope for regular sessions to support coaches’ well-being and productivity.

In his opening remarks, Reverend Chukwudiebube Nwachukwu, Executive Director of Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation, highlighted the complexities of coaching, including managing athletes and navigating organizational dynamics. He stressed that mental health knowledge equips coaches to address psychological and emotional challenges effectively, benefiting both themselves and their athletes.

Coach Ebere Amaraizu, Lead Consultant at Cope and Live Mental Health Awareness Foundation and Chairman of Rangers International Football Club Foundation, focused on brain health during his session. He noted that coaches face significant stressors—performance pressures, organizational challenges, and personal difficulties—that can impact mental well-being. Prioritizing brain health, he argued, is essential for overall wellness and effective talent development.

Mrs. Uzoamaka Nwachukwu, a psychotherapist and counselor with the Foundation, guided coaches through principles of self-awareness and techniques for managing their emotions and those of their athletes. The session included interactive group tasks and exercises to deepen coaches’ understanding of mental health and emotional regulation, fostering skills for optimal performance.

This collaborative initiative underscores the critical role of psychosocial support in empowering football coaches and athletes to achieve excellence.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex and often misunderstood mental health condition characterized by intense emotions, unstable self-image, impulsive behaviors, and a profound fear of abandonment. Individuals with BPD may experience emotions more intensely and for longer durations, making daily life feel overwhelming.

What BPD Feels Like

Living with BPD can involve:

• Rapid, intense mood swings that feel unpredictable.

• Black-and-white thinking, where people or situations are seen as all good or all bad.

• Impulsive actions, such as overspending, substance use, or self-harm, often followed by regret.

• Persistent feelings of emptiness or uncertainty about one’s identity.

• Turbulent relationships driven by emotional highs and lows.

These experiences can lead to shame and guilt, as many with BPD are aware of how their behaviors affect others. Unfortunately, stigma often labels them as “toxic” or “manipulative,” discouraging them from seeking help.

Breaking the Stigma

BPD is not a life sentence. With evidence-based treatments like Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), individuals can learn to regulate emotions, build healthier relationships, and lead fulfilling lives. Recovery is achievable with the right support.

How to Support Someone with BPD

• Educate Yourself: Understanding BPD reduces judgment and fear.

• Show Compassion: Recognize that individuals are not defined by their symptoms.

• Encourage Treatment: Professional therapy and support can transform lives.

• Set Healthy Boundaries: Offer support while maintaining mutual respect and well-being.

BPD is a serious but manageable condition. If you or a loved one is struggling, seek professional help without hesitation. With care, commitment, and resources, individuals with BPD can thrive.